Fredric Jameson and the limits of postmodern theory Essay Example For Students

Fredric Jameson and the restrictions of postmodern hypothesis Essay The driving force behind this paper has been the ongoing distribution of Fredric Jamesons 1991 Welleck Lectures, The Seeds of Time. 1 As these talks were conveyed 10 years after Jamesons introductory endeavors to outline territory of postmodernity it appeared to me to give an event to consider the current status of Jamesons profoundly powerful and much condemned hypothesis of postmodernism as the social rationale generally free enterprise. It likewise empowers me to come back to, what I consider to be, one of the most alarming parts of Jamesons composing on postmodernism, in other words, the winding down, to utilize Jamesons term, of the political creative mind. As Jameson is presumably the premier Marxist scholar composing on postmodernism and one of the most persuasive of contemporary social pundits, I discover this loss of motion of the political creative mind even with postmodernism profoundly hazardous. As a large portion of you are likely mindful postmodernism is inalienably dumbfounding and lively. There is, recommends Jameson a sort of victor loses rationale about it, the more one attempts to characterize what is typically postmodern the less trademark it ends up being. Postmodernism, by definition opposes definition. Hypothetically, postmodernism can just hypothesize its own states of inconceivability; with neither a fixed subject nor object there can be no hypothesis of postmodernism thusly. This paradoxicality is the thing that Jameson currently recognizes as the antinomies of postmodernity, the aporia or hypothetical stalemates which hypnotize postmodern hypothesis and not at all like the more seasoned (pioneer) talk of persuasive inconsistency stay unresolvable at a more elevated level of deliberation. Jameson distinguishes four crucial antinomies of postmodernism: existence, subject and item, nature and human instinct, lastly the idea of Utopia. Today I will concentrate on simply the first of these antinomies, what Jameson portrays as the primary antinomy of postmodernism, that is, existence, and propose that the inability to think past the antinomy is indicative of an increasingly broad flopping in Jamesons hypothesis all in all. I will likewise dare to propose that an increasingly rationalistic comprehension of transience and spatiality may empower us to move past what Jameson sees as the constraints of the postmodern. Prior to drawing in with this discussion, notwithstanding, I will quickly reiterate Jamesons unique postulation and what I despite everything consider to be the significance of his hypothetical undertaking. Jamesons introductory intercession in the postmodern discussion, in a 1982 exposition 'The Politics of Theory,2 was basically an endeavor to delineate ideological scene of postmodernism, be that as it may, the article finished up on a trademark Jamesonian note, demanding 'the need to get a handle on the present as history. Jameson, at that point, at first appeared to recommend the chance of a route through the stalemate of the two most compelling strains of thought rising around then corresponding to postmodernism. From one perspective, one experienced an uncritical festival of the idea by the postmodernists themselves, and, on the other, the charge of social decline was being leveled by increasingly customary pundits and more established pioneers. We should maintain a strategic distance from, contended Jameson, embracing both of these basically admonishing positions, and rather build up an all the more completely verifiable and rationalistic investigation of the circumstance. In any case there was a discernment that socially something had transformed, we may differ on what that change involves however the observation itself has a reality that must be represented. To renounce such a social change was just easy, to negligently commend it was smug and degenerate; what was required was an appraisal of this 'new social creation inside the working speculation of a general adjustment of culture itself inside the social restructuration recently free enterprise as a framework. It was this guarantee to verifiably arrange postmodernism comparable to changes in the industrialist framework and the improvement of worldwide global capital that, for some such as myself who without a moment's delay grasped parts of postmodern hypothesis while staying incredulous of its frequently equivocal political position, was presumably the absolute most critical part of Jamesons hypothesis. Simultaneously, be that as it may, the exact idea of the connection between postmodernism as a social wonder and late private enterprise as a framework was left to some degree under-hypothesized and, for myself at any rate, this has stayed one of the most upsetting parts of Jamesons hypothesis of postmodernity. In other words, Jamesons thought of postmodernism as a social predominant, or the social rationale generally private enterprise. Briefly there are three wide employments of the term, postmodernism or postmodernity, to have risen during the 1980s: right off the bat, as a social classification, getting for the most part from banters in design yet in addition pertinent to different expressions and writing. In this sense postmodernism is characterized comparable to innovation and explicitly the high innovation of the between war years. The subsequent sense concerns the thought of epistemic or epochal change has occurred. That is, Lyotards much proclaimed hypothesis of the finish of terrific universalising stories. This is likewise connected to the explicitly social meaning of postmodernism through the possibility that expressions of the human experience can no longer connected with a more extensive socio-verifiable venture of human liberation. The entire Enlightenment venture, contended Lyotard, has reached a conclusion, how might we still definitively talk about human advancement and the objective control of the existence world after Auschwitz and Stalins gulags. This appears to me to be an especially misleading contention yet maybe we can come back to it later. The third utilization of the term postmodernism has been to characterize, but rather loosely, some ongoing patterns inside French way of thinking, especially what have been known as the new Philosophies. Again I remain fairly muddled about what is imputedly postmodern here the same number of the philosophical positions embraced are strikingly pioneer in tone and substance. Jameson utilization of the term endeavored to ride or fuse these discussions inside an all the more totalizing hypothesis of postmodernity. That is, Jameson takes postmodernism to be a periodising idea, it is neither a barely social class assigning explicit highlights which recognize postmodernism from innovation legitimate; nor a worldwide classification assigning another age and radical break with the past; rather, the term serves to 'associate the development of new conventional highlights in culture with the rise of another kind of public activity and another monetary request. What has gotten known as late or worldwide free enterprise. I should, maybe, call attention to that the issue for Marxists with the idea of postmodernism, specific in the second sense in which I characterized it above, as another financial and social request, is that at a stroke it annuls Marxisms establishing premise. In other words, its recorded emancipatory account. Marxism, alongside analysis, is commendable of the sort of excellent stories that postmodernism has, supposedly, delegitimated. The criticalness of the hypothesis recently free enterprise, as it was created by the Ernest Mandel, in this manner, can't be downplayed comparable to Jamesons by and large undertaking. The hypothesis of Late free enterprise without a moment's delay recognizes a further turn of events and restructuration of the private enterprise on a worldwide scale yet doesn't set an extreme break with the past. Late free enterprise, shopper society, the post-modern culture, what ever one wishes to call it, is still on a very basic level the equivalent financial framework. There are two other significant variables in regards to late free enterprise that will concern us later: initially each progressive extension of the industrialist framework involves a comparing innovative upset. Also that adjustments in the social and financial circles include an adjustment in the spatial worldview. I will return to both of these focuses underneath. Late or propelled private enterprise in this manner doesn't present us with a fundamentally new framework or life world; Baudrillards universe of mutable correspondence systems, simulacrum and hyperreality yet rather a restructuration at more elevated levels of creation of a similar framework. Postmodernism speaks to less a break with the past yet a cleaner type of free enterprise, a further increase of the rationale of private enterprise, of commodification and reification. In fact, contends Jameson, late private enterprise denotes the last colonization of the last enclaves of protection from commodification: the Third World, the Unconscious and the tasteful. In contrast to innovation, postmodernism doesn't endeavor to decline its status as a ware, on the opposite it praises it. Postmodernism denotes the last and complete joining of culture into the ware framework. Henceforth the slippage inside Jamesons work between the two terms, postmodernism and late private enterprise, as both come to imply a similar item and to be compared with the totality itself. In Jamesons first stretched out endeavor to explicitly characterize the postmodern, he recommended, that postmodernism was portrayed by another experience of existence. Our experience of transience has been profoundly changed and disengaged through the double impacts of the disintegration of the independent focused subject and the breakdown of all inclusive authentic stories. Drawing on Lacans deal with schizophrenia and the Deleuzes thought of the migrant or schizoid subject, Jameson contended that our feeling of transience was presently profoundly disturbed and irregular. Without a reasonable or brought together feeling of the subject it turns out to be progressively hard to talk about fleetingness regarding memory, story and history. We are sentenced to an unending present, the instantaneousness of apparently irregular, detached signifiers. To put it plainly, Baudrillards universe of simulacra and hyper-reality, a world without reference or fixed significance. The positive side of this, in the event that one can discuss it

Evidential Markers in English The Word Apparently Assignment

Evidential Markers in English The Word Apparently - Assignment Example The word evidently is illustrative of a demonstration of cognizance since it shows the speaker’s perspective and passes on what the individual thinks, accepts or even suppositions dependent on data got or watched in a roundabout way. As Briton (1996) clarifies, words showing a demonstration of comprehension are by and large connected with a psychological development of â€Å"evidential markers from action words of cognition† which are â€Å"analogous to the advancement of noise, tangible, and inferential evidential from action words of perception† which mean â€Å"hear, see, and feel† (p. 243). Consequently the word evidently is a development of data saw by the speaker. The speaker isn't passing on infinitive data, but instead a data that isn't just roundabout however open to challenge. From a discernment point of view, there is consistently the likelihood that the speaker is misled or has wrongly deciphered data watched or caught. The method of knowing is clear in the utilization of the word evidently. Certainly, the speaker isn't passing on direct information on a reality yet rather an induction is drawn from data. The utilization of the word clearly is expressive of the speaker’s reluctance to focus on a complete determination but instead an ability to offer a translation or impression of the data got or watched (Brinton, 1996). As far as possible the data to an inferential structure and is accordingly showing a level of vulnerability by utilizing the word clearly and neglecting to affirm unequivocally that the data watched or got can be convincingly expressed. Faller (2002) portrays what is known as the reportative marker. The reportative marker is applicable to the word obviously on the grounds that it offers an opposing position with respect to the speaker.â

Tips and Tricks to MIT

Tips and Tricks to MIT Honestly, I think if you ask anyone at MIT, there is something of a learning curve. By learning curve I dont mean oh snap it is going to take me long time to learn all of these new subjects at MIT. It is more of a general statement that sort of goes under the idea that you are now living alone, if you are not on the meal plan you have to make your own food, you now have the decision to go to class or not go to class, you are more or less completely autonomous. (oh snap almost forgot, quick disclaimer, I am still a freshman and I am not claiming to know everything ^____^ I am just trying to share a little bit of what I have learned, I hope you can enjoy that!). No one can move from living in a house to on their own in one day and have no problems, so hopefully these tips and tricks can help! So without further ado let’s get started!!!!!! 1. SLEEP HOMIE SLEEP Alright this is something that you will hear 500 billion times, and honestly something I have not yet mastered hahaha. When I was in high school I was like, “College students have like 3 classes a day that start in the middle of the day, instead of getting up at 6:45 like in high school you, college students don’t have to get up until around 9 or 10 and get out at like 3, how do you not get enough sleep?” To little high school Ben I say that is a very good point. Except little high school Ben, you are wrong. One of the things about college is if you do not limit yourself there is no reason you can’t work 24/7 without stopping. There is always technically a pset that could be worked on or a test the next week you could be studying for, or a UROP you could be working on, etc. etc. etc. Now, I am not saying “yes when you get into MIT do nothing but sleep.” I am also not saying “yes when you get into MIT do nothing but work.” However, sleep is important. My friend told me “At MIT time is actually money. You have $24 and in one day you must decide how to spend that money, always save 6-8 dollars for sleep. It will be the best investment you could make.” 2. Go to class This one may not be for everyone, but it is definitely a rule that I have found to be true for me. The reason being is I convinced myself that I will spend my time that I would be in class to do psets, find the notes on Open Course Ware and review those, or get some sort of work done. LIESSSSSS. There may be people out there that have far more self-control than I do and therefore this is an option. However, if you are not 100% sure that you can make use of your normal class time to do something productive, 9 out of time the only thing that will happen is you will fall behind. Regardless, If you find that you have to miss a class to study for a test or you just really really really need to get some sleep try to find a friend that can take a video of the class or at least get you the notes for that days lecture. 3. PNR I am going to take a leap of faith and say that most of the people applying to MIT are good students. In this regard we are naturally very hard workers. For many of us simply going for the A isnt good enough, we are going for 98%, and therefore put in a very large amount of work to everything we do. However, that then transfers to our first semester here at MIT. For those of you that dont know, the first semester at MIT is on something called PNR which stands for Pass No Record. In every class for the first semester there are no real grades. If you pass the class you get a P and if you dont pass the class then it disappears off of your transcript as if you didnt take the class. Now, because of that it gives freshman a chance to adjust to MIT, spend some time in extracurriculars, and take off some of the stress that comes with being a student at MIT. Lol, but I have found, me included, that many freshman still aim for that 98% in every class. That is amazing and something I will defin itely say is wrong, but I would like to say one of my regrets for my first semester here is working way too hard. I spent a lot of my time studying trying to get that super high grade when there was no difference between a 90 and a 73. I have 3 and a half more years to give everything I have to MIT, there is nothing wrong with relaxing for the first semester. Now, I am not saying lose that hard working spirit, that is an integral part of being a student here, but as hard as it is for people like us, there is nothing wrong with spending some time relaxing and hanging out with friends every once in a while. 4. Try Everything This one sort of goes in conjunction with #3. Literally try everything, Since we have PNR as freshman you can go and try something new, revisit something you love, or just go to a random place and be like wassup. idk what this is but I want to try it ^_^ I would say here at MIT it is far better to try too many things, extra curriculars lol I dont think I can say the same thing about classes, and cut down the things you dont have time for or dont like than it is to restrict yourself to one thing and not explore everything that MIT has to offer. 5. Get Some Air MIT can get a little overwhelming from time to time, and I will give this little tip in the form of a story. I was kind of stressed one night, the 18.02 pset wasnt making any sense, I had a 8.01 pset and 7.015 test the day after the 18.02 pset was due, and it was only Monday lol and because of this I wasnt getting any work done I was just stressing. So, I asked a friend if I could borrow their bike. Back at home whenever I got stressed I would go driving, but since I dont have a car here I felt that a bike would be a good substitute. I rode her bike into Boston and just rode everywhere. I took pictures of the buildings, some awesome cars, looked at the inside of Tom Bradys house, tried to get into some tall buildings, but it was like 1 in the morning and they were all locked, I met some really cool fire fighters and got dinner with them - a story for another time, and was just kind of relaxed. I came back maybe an hour or two later and felt awesome. I got everything I needed to get d one that week. Went to office hours and figured out 18.02, got through 8.01 pset and did pretty well on my 7.015 test, I just needed to relax a little. There is nothing wrong with that. (I would share with you guys the cool pictures I took, but I recently broke my phone and with it went all my pictures T-T). These are just a few things I have found while I have been here. As I said before, these are just my experiences and somethings may work better for some and not so well for others. It takes some time to find your rhythm at MIT, but give it some time and you will eventually be able to find how to make the best of this place!

Regency Plaza Case Study - Risk Management Process, Review...

3. Risk Management Process of the Regency Plaza Project Regency Plaza is a mixed-use multi million US dollar project carrying quite high stakes. So the risks of it should be evaluated beforehand and managed well in order to make sure that the project wouldn’t over run budget or time and end with a successful result. Here we use the â€Å"Four Stage Risk Management Process† to evaluate the risk management happened in Regency Plaza project. 3.1 Risk Identification Evaluation: how well the project was analyzed and source of the risk identified. In the below table we will take a closer look at how well the risk was identified by Kris Hodgkins. Description | Identified/Not | Constraints and Remarks | Size the layout of the floor†¦show more content†¦| External Factors | Not identified | It is mentioned that in later phase in the project, sales were low and the local economy was weakening. | Customer Dissatisfaction/Complaints | Not identified | With the deficit manpower and budget overrun, service became slow causing several buyer complaints. | 3.2 Risk Assessment Below is a table for assessing the above-identified risks. Risk | Likelihood to occur | Impact | Effect on the project | 1. Issues regarding size of the layout and floor plate | Certain | High | Project design is affected because of the constraints. | 2. Decisions on number, mix and units of condo to be sold | Certain | High | If 96 units of condominiums to be sold, they would need better marketing and excellent finishing touches.If 72 units to be sold, condo sales might not hit targets Hodgkins was supposed to hit. | 3. Time constraints (Project falling behind schedule) | High | High | Delayed project meant extra cost, which can frustrate the General contractor and customers | 4. Manpower deficiency | Medium | High | Deficit manpower leads to slower work completion and project falling behind schedule | 5. Extra costs and delays | Medium | High for General contractor, Medium for RHG and High for the project | As the General contractor works for Fixed Sum Contract extra costs, which exceeds budget, would goShow MoreRelatedCase Studies67624 Words   |  271 PagesCase Studies C-1 INTRODUCTION Preparing an effective case analysis C-3 CASE 1 CASE 2 CASE 3 CASE 4 CASE 5 CASE 6 CASE 7 ABB in China, 1998 C-16 Ansett Airlines and Air New Zealand: A flight to oblivion? C-31 BP–Mobil and the restructuring of the oil refining industry C-44 Compaq in crisis C-67 Gillette and the men’s wet-shaving market C-76 Incat Tasmania’s race for international success: Blue Riband strategies C-95 Kiwi Travel International Airlines Ltd C-105 CASE 8 Beefing up the beefless

French English True Cognates Starting With S

One of the great things about learning French or English is that many words have the same roots in the Romance languages and English. The 1,700 words on the following pages are spelled (although not pronounced) identically in French and English and are true or semi-true cognates. Before you start memorizing them, please read some important notes about these cognates.The (parentheses) indicate the words part of speech in both languages, and, in the case of nouns, the gender of the noun in French.sabotage  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)sacrifice  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)safari  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)saga  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)saint  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)salami  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)salutation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)samba  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)sanatorium  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)sanctification  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)sanction  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)sandwich  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)sardine  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)satellite  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)sat in  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)satire  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)satisfaction  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)saturation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)sauna  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)savant  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)scalp  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)scalpel  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)science  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)scooter  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)scorpion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)scribe  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)script  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)sculpture  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)sà ©ance  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)secret  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)segment  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)senior  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)sensation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)sentiment  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)serf  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)sermon  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)serpent  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)service  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)servile  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)servitude  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)session#160;  Ã‚  (feminine noun)shrapnel  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)signatur e  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)silence  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)silhouette  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)silicone  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)silo  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)simple  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)simplification  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)simulation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)siphon  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)site  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)situation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)six  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)sketch  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)ski  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)skiff  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)slalom  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)slogan  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)smog  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)snob  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine / feminine noun)sobriquet  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)sociable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)social  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)sodium  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)sofa  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)solarium  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)solidification  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)solitude  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)solo  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)solstice  Ã‚  Ã‚   (masculine noun)soluble  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)solution  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)somnolent  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)sonar  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)sonnet  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)sophistication  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)soprano  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine / feminine noun)sorbet  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)SOS  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)source  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)spatial  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)spectacle  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)spectral  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)sphinx  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)spinal  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)spiral  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)sprint  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)stable  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)staccato  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adverb)stagnant  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)stagnation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)stalactite  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)stalagmite  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)statue  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)stature  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)steak  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)steppe  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)sterling  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)sternum  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)stewa rd  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)stimulant  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)stimulation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)stimulus  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)stipulation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)stop  Ã‚  Ã‚  (exclamation masculine noun)stress  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)strict  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)structural  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)structure  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)style  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)suave  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)subdivision  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)sublime  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine noun)subliminal  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)submersion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)subordination  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)substance  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)substitution  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)subterfuge  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)subvention  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)subversion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)succession  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)succinct  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)succulence  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)succulent  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)suffocation  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)suffrage  Ã‚  Ã‚  (mas culine noun)suggestion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)suicide  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)sulfate  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)superstition  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)supervision  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)supplication  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)supposition  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)suppression  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)surcharge  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)surface  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)surplus  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)surprise  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)susceptible  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)suspect  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective masculine / feminine noun)suspense  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)suspension  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)suspicion  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)suture  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)svelte  Ã‚  Ã‚  (adjective)symposium  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)synagogue  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)syndrome  Ã‚  Ã‚  (masculine noun)synopsis  Ã‚  Ã‚  (feminine noun)

Cja 224 Week 1 Free Essays

CJA/224 Monday April 15, 2013 The American Criminal Court Systems The American criminal court systems are made up of Federal and State courts. The State court deals mainly with civil, traffic, and family issues. The Federal court handles more serious violations which include federal and government violations and issues between actual states. We will write a custom essay sample on Cja 224 Week 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now If the case is either federal or state trial courts determine guilt and convictions. Our court systems are very complex, but recently Community courts have been added and that is used for less offense, and mostly used for mediation. The Federal court consists are military courts, international courts and trading, and also includes ninety four district courts. The district courts are used for trials and convictions. The Federal court systems also deal with all tax situations. The Federal courts have twelve circuits in the appellate courts. The appellate courts are used for appealing cases that were once heard in trial. If you want to appeal your conviction, the appellate court is where you should have your case heard. The Supreme Court is the highest possible court. It has nine justices with one chief justice. The Supreme Court only hears about two hundred cases a year, so it is very rare for the justices to accept to hear your case if you chose to try and appeal within the Supreme Court. The dual court system explains that both the Federal and State courts work separately under one judicial government. As I had stated above, the Federal court deals with national law and the State courts deal with state and civil. They both rarely work together, both courts work under one government but work almost completely separate from one another. The constitution of the United States is based off Federal laws which do apply to the country as a whole, which includes all the states. Federal laws are universal all over the country, as the state laws vary from state to state. Each state has the opportunity to create its own laws for that state, which is why you notice laws are different in one state to another. Our nation follows either common or civil law. Common law was first established in England in the Middle Ages, as civil law first was established in continental Europe around the same time and was also applied o Spain and Portugal. Common law isn’t based on statues as civil law is which can be confusing for most. Civil law is codified, which has shaped our court systems. This allows appropriate punishment for each offense brought to the court room. The Judge has a role to bring all the evidence out in a civil law system and the applicable code is applied to each case. This has shaped our court systems because the Am erican court systems is strongly common law based which was brought from England in the Middle Ages. Civil law is practiced in America, just in a small amount, mostly in state courts. Louisiana is a great example of the civil law system. Louisiana has a strong French and Spanish influence, and the civil system did once start in England and Spain. The Criminal justice system serves three main purposes in the United States. The three main purposes are to investigate, to prosecute, and to punish crimes. The most basic role in the criminal justice system is to investigate crimes and allegations. If the law enforcement feels as if the investigation is complete and needs further investigation the cases are sent to the correct attorneys. Prosecuting offenders is another purpose in the criminal justice system. If the alleged crime violated is deserving of prosecution then the cases is taken to court (state court) and is handled by the prosecuting attorney. The criminal justice systems doesn’t only investigate and prosecute, it also punishes offenders for their crimes. There are many different types of punishment which include fines, probation and jail time. Not only does the criminal justices system punish but it also has programs for prisoners to take once they are released from jail or taken off probation to help them from repeating the crime they were already punished for in the beginning. This is what the criminal justice systems call rehabilitation programs. References: 1. Walker, Samuel (1992). â€Å"Origins of the Contemporary Criminal Justice Paradigm: The American Bar Foundation Survey, 1953-1969†. Justice Quarterly  9  (1). 2. Neocleous, Mark (2004). Fabricating Social Order: A Critical History of Police Power. London: Pluto Press. pp. 93–94. ISBN How to cite Cja 224 Week 1, Papers

Values in Death of a Salesman Essay Example For Students

Values in Death of a Salesman Essay Like real people, fictional characters have beliefs and values that influence what they say and do. In Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, Willy Lomans determination to live up to his American Dream and to seek material possessions in a capitalist society only takes his life. The American Dream is the idea that any man or woman can make his or her own fortune, despite his or her past. Willy is trying to achieve success through this thought. He dreams of making personal achievement, enjoying popular fame, and getting great wealth through his hard work. He has great expectations of life and any failure in achievement leads to keen disappointment. His life is too much devoted to the pursuit of wealth power and social position. He once said, the man who makes an appearance in the business world, the man who creates personal interest, is the man who gets ahead. It is clear that he values superficial attractiveness, popularity and likeability more than anything. When Willy realises that Biff is unsuccessful in fulfilling his expectations, he cannot accept that Biff is not what he dreams of. He cannot understand why is Biff, a popular football player, is unable to succeed. He thinks that In the greatest country in the world a young man with such personal attractiveness, gets lost. He thinks that it is just Biff who does not recognize his limitations. But then he has never noticed that hard work and education are more important than social popularity and physical attractiveness. His beliefs are incompatible with the modern business world. His wholeheartedly faith in the American Dream makes him even harder to face the truth. Willy has been defeated and disillusioned by the American Dream and this leads to his downfall. In addition, Willy has a false view of life. He values legacy and has high hopes in Biff in fulfilling his dream for him. Passing on a legacy would probably be the only meaning of life to Willy. When he finds himself unable to leave Biff an intangible legacy, meaning probably history, and the insurance money being the one and only tangible legacy he can afford, he chose to kill himself. The fact that his father and brother left him with nothing makes him believe that he has a great responsibility in leaving his sons a legacy. Willy never fully comes to terms with reality, he lives in his dreams, whether they be self-delusions (his achievements at work), or his past coming back to haunt him (his flashbacks). It also becomes obvious that the pride he has is for nothing, because he expects the wrong things. He ends up, according to his own values, a failure. It is tragic in itself that Willy feels success dictates the worth of a persons life. His complete acceptance of the American Dream and capitalist ideology ultimately leads to his downfall. His suicide supports the beliefs to which he has lived and died by. He commits suicide so that his family can claim the insurance; both to pay off the mortgage on the house, and to give them, what he would consider, a better start in life, especially for Biff. Although Willy is never able to attain his ideals, and his life is a massive self-deception, he still retains his hopes. Even as he contemplates suicide he is still hopeful that his insurance money will sort out his familys financial problems. It is definitely a tragic turn of events that Willy gives his life for the very system that failed him. To conclude, Willys ignorance of realizing that fact that a professional salesman has a life built upon the foundation stone of attitude, knowledge, integrity and industry but not only physical attractiveness, popularity and likeability has led to his downfall. .u5fb0f62fb51d8bac931c8445470a2f59 , .u5fb0f62fb51d8bac931c8445470a2f59 .postImageUrl , .u5fb0f62fb51d8bac931c8445470a2f59 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5fb0f62fb51d8bac931c8445470a2f59 , .u5fb0f62fb51d8bac931c8445470a2f59:hover , .u5fb0f62fb51d8bac931c8445470a2f59:visited , .u5fb0f62fb51d8bac931c8445470a2f59:active { border:0!important; } .u5fb0f62fb51d8bac931c8445470a2f59 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5fb0f62fb51d8bac931c8445470a2f59 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5fb0f62fb51d8bac931c8445470a2f59:active , .u5fb0f62fb51d8bac931c8445470a2f59:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5fb0f62fb51d8bac931c8445470a2f59 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5fb0f62fb51d8bac931c8445470a2f59 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5fb0f62fb51d8bac931c8445470a2f59 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5fb0f62fb51d8bac931c8445470a2f59 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5fb0f62fb51d8bac931c8445470a2f59:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5fb0f62fb51d8bac931c8445470a2f59 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5fb0f62fb51d8bac931c8445470a2f59 .u5fb0f62fb51d8bac931c8445470a2f59-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5fb0f62fb51d8bac931c8445470a2f59:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Dream Deferred EssayMoreover, it is his twisted view of life, his pride, his unawareness of his desires and his inability to see past the materialistic side of his American dream that leads him to his destructive action. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our International Baccalaureate Languages section.

Macbeth Play Essays - Characters In Macbeth, English-language Films

Macbeth Play Born in 1564 in Stratford, England, William Shakespeare is renowned for his 37 plays. He began by writing comedies such as The Comedy of Errors and Love's Labors lost, and continued by writing plays based on English history and tragedies. One of his most famous tragedies, written in 1605, was Macbeth. Shakespeare's Macbeth reveals the universal themes of death, of ambition, and of guilt. Shakespeare reveals the theme of death in his tragedy, Macbeth. At the end of the first Act, Lady Macbeth expresses her desire to become completely numb to the pain and suffering of others so that she may have the will to participate in the murder of King Duncan. She says to herself, "...fill me to the toe topfull of direst cruelty! make thick my blood ; stop up the access and passage to remorse...(Act one, scene five)" Macbeth recklessly kills Duncan between the first and second scenes in Act two. In the third Act, Macbeth hires three men to murder his former companion, Banquo, and his son; though they only succeed in killing Banquo. Later, the same three murderers are hired to kill the family of Macduff. The final murder of the play is ironically of Macbeth. Many innocent people are killed throughout the play until the antagonist is eliminated. Shakespeare's Macbeth reveals the theme of ambition. When at first Macbeth receives the prophecies of the witches, he is confused and in disbelief. But after some careful thought he motivates himself to take hold of the crown. When Lady Macbeth hears of the prophecies through the letter sent by her husband, she also becomes determined to assume the role as queen. She and Macbeth carefully plan the murder of King Duncan in order to eliminate an obstacle in achieving their ultimate goal of becoming royalty. Macbeth eventually becomes so intent on gaining the crown and eventually becoming king that he returns to the witches for more information about what he hopes to be his prolonged royal destiny. "I call upon you, in the name of your art- whatever be the source-to answer me! (Act four, scene one)" Macbeth's ambition is what encourages him to commit all of the murders of what he believes to be obstacles on his road to success. Shakespeare's Macbeth reveals the theme of guilt. After the murder of King Duncan tin the second Act, Macbeth appears to be extremely frightened and fearful of what might happen to him. He imagines that he hears a voice saying "Glamis hath murdered sleep, and therefore Cawdor shall sleep no more: Macbeth shall sleep no more! (Act two, scene two)" While the three hired murderers are hunting down Banquo, Macbeth has a feast for all of his friends. After the murderers have succeeded in their task, Macbeth imagines that he sees the ghost of Banquo. These hallucinations show signs of a guilty conscience. At the end of the play, Lady Macbeth commits suicide by hanging herself because of the heavy burdens she bears and her overpowering guilt. Macbeth deals with his guilt through several different hallucinations and Lady Macbeth simply ends her life when the stress is too much to bear. The themes of death, of ambition, and of guilt are all apparent in Shakespeare's Macbeth. The theme of death is revealed through the many reckless attempts at murder that take place throughout the play. Ambition is an important theme because the entire play is based on Macbeth's struggle to be and remain King. Guilt mostly becomes apparent through Macbeth's hallucinations. They are all considered to be universal themes because not only did they apply to situations in Shakespeare's lifetime, but they also occur today. Not many people go through as much as a week without experiencing one of these emotions, much less all of them.

holla essays

holla essays The discovery of the Internet has created unlimited effects on the way that we live. The Internet is changing society by leaps and bounds, with no chance of a stopping point in the near future. The Internet affects us in every way, most importantly with our social lives, our entertainment, and our jobs. Our social lives no longer consist of telephones and mail as the only sources of communication. E-mail has become a major form of our communication. People can electronically send mail to another person with an on-line mailbox, simply by typing in their message and sending it by the click of a button. It only takes a couple of minutes to send information that would have taken a week or more through ordinary mail. This does not only save time, but it saves money also. The Internet has changed our entertainment tremendously. There is no longer a need for people to purchase CDs or tapes for music. You can download music onto your computer and burn the CDs yourself. Whenever you want to watch a movie, you do not have to go to the local Blockbuster, or the local theatre, you can watch it online. The variety of games on the Internet opens communication with people all over the world, without ever leaving the comfort of your own home. The game of chess is the most basic example, you would usually need an opponent sitting across from you, but with the Internet your opponent can be across the world. The job market is one of the most important aspects that have been affected by the discovery of the Internet. Stock trading and banking is two of the major businesses on the Internet that affect our workforce. Consumers no longer need to drive to the bank to do their daily banking. The Internet is steadily replacing many jobs that would have otherwise gone to hard working people. However, it has given people the opportunity to have a career without ever leaving their homes. In conclusion, the Internet allows...

The exact meaning of Europe is ambiguous and it is not possible to Essay

The exact meaning of Europe is ambiguous and it is not possible to accurately define it. Do you agree - Essay Example In Chinese, Europe is referred to as Ouzhu- which is a derivative of the word Europa. Furthermore, the continent has also been referred to as Frengistan (land of the Franks) by the Turkish civilization. Many other languages have referred to the region in similar context, but there has not been any single undisputed explanation of the meaning of the term Europe that is used for the continent (Malmborg, 2002). Studies related to history and politics have been the source of many co mbnnclusive reforms and facts for the development of thought and academia. However, in the discussions and origins of political terms and slogans, there have been many inconclusive debates due to an absence of a factual historical dictionary. Since there has been an absence of this etymological record in the form of a dictionary, any factual brief on many political terms and slogans has been hard to find. Moreover, any research that may be taken up would in turn be significantly time consuming and may never have a conclusive statement of their backgrounds (Boer, 1995). The lack in the research material and weak records of terms and their origins, has made the structured method of investigation in political expressions and education and development of ideas weak and the theories challengeable. Many revered literary works in the field relating to philological dictionaries, especially referred for the European languages, have not been of much help either in any conclusive remarks on these political terms and semantics (Boer, 1995). The main reason for this to happen is that most of the literary research ahs been the work of the esteemed scholars and critics has been entirely focused and centred on philology and literature. Hence, there has not been much concentration and attention on works related on political semantics and historical slogans. Furthermore, the links in these works present and developed internationally along with the different views

Infra Red Spectroscopy in Chemistry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Infra Red Spectroscopy in Chemistry - Essay Example The absorbed radiation is converted into energy of molecular vibration by the sample molecules. The frequency of absorption of radiation depends on the masses of the atoms in the molecule, the force constants of the bonds, and the geometric structure of the molecule. Hence, the resulting spectrum is an exact replica of sample contents and its molecular structure as supported by Beer-Lambert Law (Duckworth, 1998) which states that there is a linear relationship between how much light is absorbed by a sample and the product of the concentration of the absorbing species and its path length. A close examination of infra-red spectrum fingerprints reveals that absorption peaks correspond to the frequency of vibration between the bonds of the atoms of sample material while the magnitude of peaks corresponds to the amount of material present. Since each sample has a unique molecular structure just like a fingerprint so no two unique molecular structures produce the same infra-red spectrum (l eaving few exceptions). Hence the information provided by infra-red spectra about the composition as well as the structure of a molecule of a sample material clearly paves a way for both qualitative a â€Å"positive identification† and (with an aid of modern software algorithms) quantitative i. e. â€Å"amount† (Introduction to Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, 2001, p.3) analysis of material, an invaluable tool for QA/QC or contamination analysis applications. For example, Ethanol content is the single most important parameter in alcoholic beverage industries. ‘For many economic and regulatory reasons, convenient, accurate, and fast quantitative determination of ethanol in mixtures is important. With the increased importance of quality assurance in industries, Near-IR spectroscopy has become an important quantitative tool for solvent characterization’.

Regulation of Financial Services Post Credit Crunch

Regulation of Financial Services Post Credit Crunch INTRODUCTION The financial system is the system that allows the transfer of money between savers and borrowers, and comprises a set of complex and closely interconnected financial institutions, markets, banks, instruments, services, practices, and transactions (Steven M Sheffrin, 2003). All Financial institutions in any country follow certain regulations which are placed by the central monetary authority (e.g. financial service authority) in order to provide improved service to the public and work in the best interest of the nations. Regulationis controlling human or societal behaviour by rules or restrictions (Bert Jaap Koops 2006). The purpose for regulating the institutions is to reduce the risk of failure and to attain social goals. For example banks are regulated, as they by their very nature are prone failure, and the costs paid by the public for failure is extremely high compared to the financial costs to regulate the banking system. Regulations should be fair and limited so that they as sist banks to develop new services in accordance with the customers demand, make sure competitions in financial services is strong, maintain the quantity and quality of the service provided to public and better utilisation of resources. Over the last five years, the financial system in the world has gone through its greatest crisis. The financial problems have appeared at the same time in many different countries which makes it unique from the crisis in past. The overall economic impact is felt all through the world, which is resulted from the interconnectedness of the global economy. This does not mean that the economic recession which many countries in the world now face will be anything like as bad as that of 1929-33(turner 2009). The crisis in 1930s was made worse by the policy in response. But it is clear that effective the policy response cannot prevent the large economic cost of the financial crisis. If we are to prevent or minimise the scale of future crisis there is an increased need of policy framework that can bring different factors and the corresponding powers to act positively when risks are recognized. Currently Britains existing framework is confused and the powers and capabilities split awkwardly between competing institutions, which results in nobody identifying the fundamental problems when these institutions are building up and none of the institutions can act in response to crisis as they do not have the authority to do so. In order to avoid future crisis changes in regulation and supervisory approach is needed in order to create a more robust financial system for the future. Our focus in the research is on banking institutions, and not on other areas of the financial services industry. In 2007, Britain experienced its first bank run of any significance since the reign of Queen Victoria (Reid. m, 2003). The run was on a bank called Northern Rock. Britain was free of such event not by misfortune, but because in early third quarter of nineteenth century the Bank of England developed techniques to avoid them. These techniques were used, in Britain and had worked, and appeared to be trusted. The run of northern rock was triggered by the decision to provide support for troubled institution. That run was brought to a standstill, when the Chancellor of the Exchequer (Alistair Darling2) declared that he would use taxpayers funds to guarantee deposits at Northern Rock. Unlike runs in banking history, it was a run only on that one institution as funds withdrawn from it went only to a small amount into cash, and were mostly redeposit in other banks or in building societies. The research has three major objectives: Describes the role of financial regulations and reviews the literature on role played by the regulations in financial system. To describe and evaluate the banking crisis in United Kingdom in last 5 years and the reasons of the crisis which affected the banking system. To analysis and evaluate the role and benefits of living wills in context of changes in regulation. This leads to the research question: â€Å"Can living wills address the perceived failures in the regulation of financial services highlighted by the current credit crisis?† LITERATURE REVIEW A literature review is a summary of a subject field that supports the identification of specific research questions (Rowley J Slack F, 2004). Literature review explains the role of financial regulations, discuses the banking crisis in UK in last 5 years (2005-2010), and proposed new regulations which are to counter such failures in the future and at what cost these failures can be averted. The main focus of literatures review is the Banking Industry, proposed new regulations in order to minimise the effect of such crisis. The functions of financial services industry The existence of money is taken as for granted in all advanced societies today so much so that most people are unaware of the huge contribution that the concept of money, and the industry to manage it, have made to the development of our present way of life. Moneyis anything that is generally accepted aspaymentforgoods and servicesand repayment ofdebts (Mishkin Frederic S, 2007). In earlier civilisations the process of bartering was sufficient for the exchanging goods and services. Barteringis a medium in whichgoodsorservicesare directly exchanged for other goods or services without a common unit of exchange (without the use ofmoney) (OSullivan, Arthur Steven M. Sheffrin, 2003). In modern society, people still produce goods or provide services that they could, in theory, trade with others for exchanging for things they need. Due to complexity of life and the size of some transactions make it impossible for people today to match what they have to offer against what others can supply to them. What is needed is a commodity that individuals will accept in exchange for any product, which forms a common denominator against which the value of all products can be measured. Money carries out these two important functions. In order to be acceptable as a medium of exchange, money must have certain properties. In particular it must be * Sufficient in quantity * Generally acceptable to all the parties in all transactions * Divisible into small units * Portable Money also perform as a store of value, which means it can be saved because it can be used to divide transactions in time received today as payment for work done or for goods sold can be stored in the knowledge that it can be exchanged for goods or services later when required. In order to fulfil these functions, money has to retain its exchange value or purchasing power and the effect of inflations can, of course, affect this function. The financial services industry exists largely to facilitate and to deal with the management of money. It helps commerce and government by channelling money from those who have surplus, and wish to lend it to make profit, to those who wish to borrow it, and are willing to pay for the benefit they acquire of having it. The financial organisations want to make profit from providing such services and, by doing so, they provide the public with products and services that offer, convenience ( e.g. current accounts), means of achieving otherwise difficult objectives (e.g. mortgages) and protection from risk (e.g. insurance). Prior to the 1980s, there were clear and distinct boundaries between different kinds of financial institutions; some were retails banks, some wholesale banks, others were life assurance companies or general insurance companies, and some offered both types of insurance and were called composite insurers. Today many of the distinctions have become unclear, if they have not vanished altogether, increasing numbers of mergers and takeovers have taken place across the boundaries and now even the term banc assurance, which was coined to describe banks that owned insurance companies, is inadequate to describe the complex nature of modern financial management groups. For example one major UK bank offers following range of services * Retail banking services * Mortgage services through a subsidiary that is a building society * Credit cards services * Wealth management services * Financial asset management for institutional customers * Investment banking * Insurance services Regulations Bank failures around the world have been common, large and expensive in recent years. It is common to think of banking failure as something that happens in emerging economies and countries with advanced banking system, but there have been some shocking failures of banks and banking system within the developed economies in recent decades. The scale and frequency of the bank failures and banking crises have raised doubts about the efficiency of bank regulation and raised questions as to whether the regulation itself has created an iatrogenic reaction. Regulations for banks and other financial institutions hinge on the coase (1988) argument that unregulated private actions create outcomes whereby social marginal costs greater then private marginal cost. The social marginal costs occur because bank failures has a far greater effect then throughout the economy than, say, failure of a manufacturing concern because of the wide spread use of banks. Nevertheless it should be borne in mind that regulation involves real resource costs. These costs arise from two sources (a) direct regulatory cost, (b) compliance costs bear by the firms regulated. In IMF global financial stability report (2009), it estimates that the eventual cost to British taxpayers of support for the banking sector will be 9.1% of GDP, or more than  £130 billion, that is more than five times the equivalent of 1.8% of GDP in France and three times the estimated 3.1% of GDP in Germany. The main reason for regulating the banks is firstly consumers lack market power and are prone to exploitation from the monopolistic behavior of banks. Secondly depositors are uniformed and unable to monitor banks and, therefore, require protection. Finally, governments need regulations to estimate the safety and stability of the banking system. Basel accord Basel committee for banking supervision a committee for BIS (Bank for International Settlement) was first established in 1974. This committee operates at international level and the main focus of the committee is to strengthen the capital of banks. The principle reasons for the establishment of the committee were to safeguard the financial stability of the banking system worldwide and to create a level playing field. The first major achievement of the committee was in the form of Basel I. Basel I aimed at: 1. Promote the co-ordination in the regulatory and capital adequacy standards of the member countries. 2. Guard against risk in credit worthiness 3. Finally, it suggests for the minimum capital requirements for the international banking. Since 1988 when the Basel committee introduced the first capital accord Basel I the risk management practices, the banking business and the whole financial market has changed. The New York Fed President argued that â€Å"it also has not kept pace with innovations in the way that banks measure, manage and mitigate risk.†(EBSCO, 2002) Although the accord covered fairly relevant issues but it wasnt helpful enough to make a major impact in the industry. Therefore in 1999 the initial steps were taken which led to the amended of Basel I. There were several different reasons for the amendments. One of the misunderstandings about Basel I was that it was the only way to the financial stability of a country. The positive results of implementation of Basel I were seen in the G-10 countries, as these countries were previously operating their financial industry on mostly the same rules, but still there were many new product introduced and reforms took place which remained unexplained by the accord and resulted in the financial industry either fully collapsed or got taken over by other giants. For example Grupo Financiero Bancomer, a Mexican banking giant was reported as â€Å"US- based Citibank has agreed to acquire Mexican banking giant Grupo Financiero Bancomer-Accival (Banacci) for US$12.5 billion† (All Business.co m, 2001). The initial results blinded the G-10 in the aspects of emerging markets as they got pressurized by the larger financial institutions to follow the same accord. Another failed aspect of Basel I which led to the new accord was that the old accord only focused around the credit risk. Basel I did not focused on operational risk which also supported the downfall of many financial institutions. As explained by Mohan Bhatia â€Å"Weather it is a fee-based business, emerging practices or income-based business. A bank is exposed to operational risk.†(Bhatia, 2002). Even though Basel I was not written to be applicable for the emerging markets, its functions created distortions in the banking sectors of the industrialized economies. â€Å"In countries subject to high currency inflation and sovereign default risks, the Basel I accord actually made loan books riskier by encouraging the movement of both bank and sovereign debt holdings from OECD sources to higher-yielding domestic sources† (Balin, 2008). Another problem with the 1988 accord was that it focused more on the type of loan rather than the credit status of the borrower. As the bank and large financial institutes saved just 8% for the unseen risks they had more capital left. That was used in form of loan and subprime lending which was later proved to be a real disaster for the financial institutions. Basel I created a gap between the regulatory capital and the economic capital as bank would choose to hold. The commonly know regulatory capital is different to the economic capital. The economic capital aims to enhance the value of the investor and is based on the internal risk assessment of the organization. Whereas on the other hand the regulatory capital secures the banking stability and the regulator decides it for the protection of the depositor. Considering the drastic effects of the Basel I accord the committee published the reforms in 2003 namely Basel II. â€Å"Basel II is a response to the need for the regulatory system governing the global banking industry.†(Garside, Bech, 2003) Basel II brought many reforms to the old accord and was based on three pillars. The first pillar was minimum capital requirement which explained explicit treatment for operational risk in the financial industry. However the market risk remained with the same explanation as from Basel I. The Basel II brought some new methods of measuring the credit risk by introducing the public and internal ratings which provided good risk mitigation techniques. Furthermore the second pillar explained the supervisory review of capital adequacy. The basic purpose of this pillar was to keep a check on the financial institution that they hold excess of minimum level of capital required. The regulator can intervene at the initial stage if this requirement was not fulfilled. Finally the third pillar was brought into place to bring a much better market discipline. The market is considered to be the role played by the shareholders, government or employees whether proper capital is maintained or not. With this improvement Basel II was considered to help both the lender and the borrower. Basel II spots the weakness in Basel I and proposed effective risk measurement, mitigation techniques and elaborates valuables for market discipline for good banking system and good financial stability as explained â€Å"we at the Federal Reserve had even more reasons for the most finely tuned Basel II framework: Not only are we the umbrella supervisor over all financial stability companies but, as the nations central bank, we are responsible for maintaining nations financial stability.† (Poole, 2005) The fines of Basel II are basically explained by the three pillars of it as the very dexterously explain how and where the accord will be effective. The first pillar of minimum capital requirement was extremely advantageous in providing enhanced risk measurement by helping the large financial institutions and big banks to measure the risk involved in their functions and operations more sophisticatedly. Risk management proposals were useful for the capital they require to hold in case of unexpected losses. The new accord proposed different approaches for the measurement of credit risk. The standardised approached being the more or less the same as the old accord was more risk sensitive for the creditworthiness of the customers and improved the requirement which was previously based on type of loan instead of the credit status of the customer. This approach explained the birth of credit rating of individuals but the problem with this approach was that the culture of rating is not popular in every European country and other countries with strong and effective economies. Whereas the internal ratings-based approach was based on the internal key risk drivers and therefore the potential for more risk sensitive capital was substantial in a way to mitigate the risk. But the internal ratings-based approach is not enough to calculate the capital required for the risks. â€Å"The approaches for calculating the risk-weighted assets are intended to provide improved bank assessments of risk and thu s to make the resulting capital ratios more meaningful† (Pitschke Bone-Winkel, 2006). Operational risk which the Basel I failed to examine is a crucial element and was elucidated by Basel II in three operational risk alleviation approaches. The first method called the Basic indicator approach advice the banks to hold capital equal to 15% of average gross income earned by banks in the past three years. The second method named the standardized approach separates every business to hold capital to shield itself against the operational risk. Finally the third method of advance method approach allows the banks to calculate their own capital requirement to protect themselves against the operational risk. A disadvantage of the first pillar was that it allowed the banks to set their own risk assessment techniques. This gave over sanguine reports to reduce the capital required. Furthermore it even maximized the return on equity. For a much better market discipline regulators must approve the requirement. As explained by (Lind, 2006) â€Å"banks must have methods and systems fo r risk management which are subject to adequate corporate governance processes throughout the banks.† The pillar II of The Basel Accord is based on Supervisory Review. It certifies that the banks should have enough capital to sustain all the unexpected risk in an organization and also provides with much more better techniques to monitor and mitigate those risks. It advises the banks to calculate their risks internally. It requires the regulators to assess the banks risk management processes and capital position to maintain a target level of solvency. â€Å"Pillar II recognises that national supervisors may have different ways of entering into such discussions and provides flexibility to accommodate those differences† (Caruana, 2003). It was helpful in a way to evaluate funding strategies and also gave an insight to the risk mitigation policies to the banks. In total the second pillar had two positive proposals. Firstly, it gave more power to the regulators to keep a check of the minimum capital requirement by banks as calculated in pillar 1. And secondly it alarms the repetiti on of the financial crises such as in countries like Korea and China by taking early actions and offering rapid remedial actions. â€Å"Some of the data submitted by individual institutions was not complete; in some cases banks did not have estimates of loss in stress periodsor used estimates that we thought were not sophisticatewhich caused minimum regulatory capital to be underestimated† (Bies, 2006). At the same time while the corporate governance is in place the accord gave absolutely no information regarding the liquidity. Banks remained unaware of the true financial conditions of each other which forced them to stop lending and the State Bank of England was highlighted as the last resort to rescue. Pillar III based on the market discipline helped maintain discipline in the market place by greater disclosure of the banks risk profiles. The pillar III is connected to pillar I and pillar II as it complements the minimum capital requirement and the supervisory review process. â€Å"Market discipline can contribute to a safe and sound banking environment and supervisors require firms to operate in a safe and sound manner† (BIS, 2005). The disclosure is important for the benefit of the stakeholders. Therefore a disclosure of market risk, operational risk, interest rate risk and the disclosure of capital structure is required. The information should be disclosed timely. â€Å"It will fundamentally transform financial reporting for banks by demanding increased depth and breadth of disclosure† (Garside, Bech, 2003). One of the other disadvantages of Basel II is the complexity and potential cost of the framework. It is a defected draft of 450 pages and the cost of implementing it is too high for the banks. Banks were also afraid to lend because of the fear of Basel II as they would operate against the rules of Basel II on certain occasions. According to the Basel book the banks have to meet a certain level of capital reserves and in todays scenario of credit crunch it is difficult. As Peter Spencer explains â€Å"the Basel system of banking regulations, which determine how much capital banks must raise to keep their books in order, are the root cause of the crunch and were serving to worsen the Citys plight† (Conway, 2007). The Basel committee produced the old and new accords which to an extent were successful for the strengthening of the capital of banks and also took into account the risk throughout the procedures. But the new accord did not changed with new reforms in the system which made it just a box to be ticked in a form and had no connection with the reality or implementation. Most of the organizations ticked the boxes and yet carried on with the risky decision which seemed profitable but yet proved out to be wrong such as Northern Rock. These decisions were not even against any of the accords as the Basel committee never updated to the new market. Financial Services Authority (FSA) Regulations of the financial services industry in the UK is a 5 tier process: * First level: European legislation that impacts on the UK financial industry * Second level: the acts of the parliament that set out what can and cannot be done. * Third level: the regulatory bodies that monitor the regulations and issue rules about how the requirements of the legislation are to be met in practice. The main regulatory body is now the Financial Services Authority (FSA), which has taken over the regulatory responsibilities of the number of other bodies, including the bank of England. * Fourth level: the policies and practices of the financial institutions themselves and the internal departments that ensure they operate legally and competently. * Fifth level: the arbitration schemes to which consumers complaints can be referred. For most cases, this will now be the financial ombudsman service, which takeover the responsibilities of a number of earlier ombudsman bureaux and arbitration schemes Before the arrival of the financial services act 1986, the UK financial services industry was self regulating. Standards were maintained by a promise that those in the financial industry had a common set of values and were able, and willing, to exclude those who violated them. The 1986 act moved the UK to a system which became known as self regulation within a statutory framework. Once authorised, firms and individuals would be regulated by self regulating organisations (SROs), such as IMRO, SFA or PIA. The financial services act 1986 covered investment activities only. Retail banking, general insurance, Lloyds of London and mortgages were all covered by different acts and codes. When labour party came in power in 1997 it wanted to amend the regulation of financial services. The late 1990s saw more fundamental development of the financial services system with the fusion of most aspects of financial services regulation over a single statutory regulator, the financial services authorit y (FSA) process took place in two phases. First the bank of Englands responsibilities for banking supervision was shifted to the financial services authority (FSA) as part of the bank of England act 1998. The second phase of development consisted of a new act covering financial services which would revoke key provisions of the financial services act 1986 and little other legislation. All the earlier work on regulation would be swept away and the FSA would regulate investment business, insurance business, banking, building societies, friendly societies, mortgages and Lloyds. On 30 November 2001 the act, the financial services and market act 2000 (FSMA 2000) came to form a system of statutory regulation. The creation of the FSA as the UKs single statutory regulator for the industry brought together regulation of investment, insurance and banking. The FSA took over the responsibilities for prudential supervision of all firms, which involves monitoring the adequacy of their management, financial resources and internal systems and controls, and Conducting of business regulations of those firms doing investment business. This involves overseeing firms dealing with investors to ensure for example information provided is clear and not misleading. Adair Turner (2009) argued that FSAs regulatory and supervisory approach, before the 2007-2008 crises, was based on a sometimes implicit but at times quite obvious philosophy which believed that * Markets in general are self-correcting and disciplined which acts as effective tools than regulation or supervisory oversight to ensure firms strategies are sound and risks contained * Main responsibility for managing risks was of senior management and boards of the firms, who were thought to be at better place to evaluate business risk than bank regulators, and who are better off in making appropriate decisions about the balance between risk and return, provided proper systems, procedures and skilled people are in place. * Customers protection cannot ensured by product regulation or direct markets intervention, but by making sure that wholesale markets are tolerant and transparent as possible, and thats the way in which firms conducts business is appropriate. Turner argued that this philosophy in supervisory approach resulted in: A focus makes sure that systems and processes were defined well instead of challenging the business models and strategies. Risk Mitigation Programs set out after ARROW reviews therefore tended to focus more on organization structures, systems and reporting procedures, than on overall risks in business models. A focus within the FSAs failure to notice of approved persons on checking that there were no issues of honesty raised by past conduct, instead of evaluating technical skills, with the assumption that management and boards were in a superior position to assess the appropriateness of particular individuals for particular roles. A balance between business regulation and prudential regulation which, with the benefit of observation, appears biased towards the former. This was not the case in all sectors of the financial industry: the FSA for instance introduced in 2002-04 major and very important changes in the prudential supervision of insurance companies which have significantly improved the ability of those companies to face the challenges created by the current crisis. But it was to a degree the case in banking, where a long period of reduced economic volatility, which was attributed by many informed observers to the positive benefits of the securitized credit model, helped foster inadequate focus on system-wide prudential risks. Failure of Current Regulation Based on the â€Å"Geneva Report†, the â€Å"G30 Report†, and the â€Å"NYU-Stern Report† failure of current regulation Systemic risk:Reports established a point of view that the financial regulatory frameworks around the world pay little consideration to systemic risk. Carmichael and Pomerleano (2002) define systemic risk as systemic instability that â€Å"arises where failure of one institution to honour its promises leads to a general panic, as individuals fear that similar promises made by other institutions also may be dishonoured. Acharya, Pedersen, Philippon and Richardson (2009) argue that Current financial regulations seek to limit each institutions risk seen in isolation; they are not focused on systemic risk. As a result supervisions focus on individual institutions, instead of having it on the whole system, while individual risks are properly dealt with in normal times, the system itself remains, or is encouraged to be, weak and exposed to large macroeconomic shocks This focus was a common feature and a common failing, of bank regulation and supervisory systems in the world. As per the Ge neva Report regulations wholly assumes that it can make the system as a whole safe by simply making sure that individual banks are safe which is misleading. Pro-cyclical risk taking: Reports also agreed that financial regulations encourage pro-cyclical risking taking which increases the possibility of financial crises and their severity when they occur. Any economic quantity that is positivelycorrelatedwith the overall state of theeconomyis said to be pro-cyclical (Gordy MB and Howells B. 2004). Financial intermediation as a whole is inherently pro-cyclical. Financial activity such as new bond issues and total bank lending tend to increase more during economic booms than during downturns. Higher levels of economic growth lead to higher values of potential collateral, thereby loosening credit constraints and making access to debt financing easier. Another contributing factor to the financial systems pro-cyclicality is that financial market participants behave as if risk is counter-cyclical. For instance, bank loan standards tend to be most lax during economic booms (Lown et al 2000)) and banking supervisors have historically been most vig ilant during downturns (Syron (1991)). Regulations lead towards stability and reduce statistical measures of risk and encourage excessive risk taking. In bad times, the pendulum swings back producing excessive risk aversion. Large Complex Financial Institutions (LCFIs): All reports agree that current regulations do not deal effectively with LCFIs, defining LCFIs as â€Å"financial intermediaries engaged in some combination of commercial banking, investment banking, asset management and insurance, whose failure poses a systemic risk or `externality to the financial system as a whole.† (Saunders, Smith and Walter, 2009). The growing role of LCFIs poses various challenges.The complexity of these institutions has made it hard for financial analysis and effective supervisors oversight. The linkages among business areas within LCFIs are close which leads to increase of risk contamination from one business area to another as well as across jurisdiction. All reports also insist on the danger induce by implicit Too-Big-To-Fail guarantees. Too big to fail is an expression that refers to the idea that ineconomic regulation, the largest and most interconnected businesses are so big that a government cannot le t them to declare bankruptcy for the reason that said failure would have disastrous consequences on the overall economy. Mervyn King on June 17th, 2009, the governor of theBank of England, called for banks that are too big to fail to be cut down to size, as a solution to the problem of banks having taxpaye

Wabash Watershed

Global warming is a resultant of Heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere. The release of these gases has increased in the last 500 years since the industrial revolution. There is an expectation that global warming will result to rising sea levels, droughts, fires, heat waves, extreme storms, heavy rainfall, floods, and melting of snow and ice. These changes as envisaged would affect agriculture and general food availability with devastating consequences for existence of life on earth. In additional, life would change completely because many systems are tied to the climate.For example, temperature changes would affect breeding cycle of insect, and this has implications on pollination and food availability for humans. Although short-term weather variations are normal and expected, long-term changes are deleterious to the environment and life on earth (Houghton, 2004). There is evidence that global warming is becoming worse primarily due to rise in carbon dioxide concentration in the atmo sphere. In 1950s, the concentration of carbon dioxide was at 315 parts per million. Currently, the concentration is about 385 parts per million.To discover an increase in concentration of carbon dioxide throughout history, scientists have used bubbles of air trapped in ice and results show that the current concentration of carbon dioxide is the highest and has been, for more than 10,000 years (Maslin, 2007). Atmospheric carbon dioxide was 280 parts per million before the industrial revolution. During the ice age, concentration was only 100 parts and 300 during warm periods. Other green houses gases such as methane and nitrous oxide have increased at the same rate as carbon dioxide since then.The rising levels of carbon dioxide and vapor in the atmosphere are projected as causing wide ranging climatic changes, in the form of heavy rainfall and droughts occurring within a few years. The increasing level would flood cities and destroy infrastructure in low-lying areas. In the past, ser ious floods that used to occur once or twice in a period of 100 to 500 years are now regular occurrence. Small changes in precipitation, moisture, and local temperature will have a tremendous impact on human life due to their expected impact on food production.Since 1880s, annual mean temperature has increased, and projections based on factors in existence suggest the temperature increase will accelerate (Houghton, 2004). According to global warming theory, increase in temperature means more evaporation from the ocean. Presently, the ocean holds more than 4 percent more moisture compared to 30 years ago. This has resulted to experiencing tremendous and frequent storms. It is expected that as the temperature keep rising, the moisture in the ocean will increase, and storms will get worse.Additionally, warm air over land will either extend drought. The loss of summer ice in the arctic region has altered winter in North America and Western Europe. The melting ice adds to the sea volume that partly explains the increase in sea levels. The permanent ice that is melting in the Polar Regions is releasing methane, which is a greenhouse gas. Therefore, global warming is creating a condition for accelerated warming. Severe winter that was recorded in eastern US and northern US is related to temperature changes in the arctic region.Warm air over the arctic melts the ice that moves into the ocean, which becomes darker. Consequently, the ocean takes in more rays placing more warmth over the arctic region. This weakens the tight swirling vortex of the jet stream, which drives weather patterns in Western Europe. A weaker jet stream in 2010 dipped further south delivering storm tracks and bringing arctic air in middle air, increasing the possibility of severe winter (Houghton, 2004). That is what happened in 2010 in eastern USA and northern Europe. People contribute to the global warming phenomena by burning fossil fuel.Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide that produce s greenhouse effect over the surface of the earth; thereby, trapping more solar radiation. Additionally, when people cut down trees, the amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increase precipitously because trees and forests acts as a carbon sink. Other than burning fossil fuels and deforestation, other human activities behind global warming are industrial processes and mining, landfills, septic, water systems, fertilizer application, manure and management (Maslin, 2007).Currently in the tropics, massive deforestation is taking place. In the Amazon basin, millions of acres are cleared annually to pave the way for ranches to rear beef animals for meat export to Europe and North America. Western Europe and North America have the utmost per capita use of meat in the world. Deforestation is also carried out in order to satisfy the huge demand for timber product in Brazil, a country that is developing fast. Deforestation has gains for the country. Trees in the Amazon and Congo basin s are significant.The two largest forest basins act as the â€Å"world lungs† because they absorb excess carbon dioxide produced by burning fossil fuels. Forests also play a critical role in reducing flooding and are a great source of hydroelectric power, which is clean. Of the hydroelectric power of the two great rivers and elsewhere in the world, the need for burning fossil fuel to produce electricity would reduce dramatically further leading to less pollution. The current environmental crisis such as global warming, water scarcity, ozone depletion, and biodiversity depletion is caused by anthropocentric perception of nature.In accordance with anthropocentric view of environment, trees are cut down in order to gratify the huge demand for tree products or to pave the way for farming or ranching. Removal of trees leaves the earth unable to absorb excess carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere through burning of biomass (Archer, 2012). As a result, increasing levels of car bon dioxide in the atmosphere is contributing to global warming and climate change. Deforestation is also causing the extinction of species.People view trees as mere resources that can only be exploited to provide building materials, avail jobs for the low-income people among other uses, totally disregarding the intrinsic value of forests or trees, which is to act as a carbon sink (Robbins and Hintz 60). As a result, this has caused massive environmental damage with global ramifications. From the data collected for the Wabash water basic, this paper consider temperature, precipitation, evapotraspiraition, moisture deficit, and surface for evidence of global warming. TemperatureAlthough data presented is not consistent, there are indications that there is an overall warming of the environment. On average, maximum temperature increased over the period, and minimum temperature increased. According to global warming theory, increase in global and local temperatures lead to increased eva poration that cause more cloud cover/fog or haze that hold more temperature increasing minimum temperature in the process. The increase in minimum temperature recorded during the 30-year period can be construed to mean the presence of global warming.In the 80s, average temperatures increased rapidly suggesting that the world was warming up rapidly. Hover, the increase slowed down in the 90s. The average daily temperature has declined in the 30 years under study. According to global warming theory, increase in greenhouse gases increases the ability of earth atmosphere to hold onto nighttime warmth more effectively than increases in mid-day temperature. The decline in average temperature range supports the view that the globe is warming. Precipitation On average, annual precipitation at the valley has increased.The precipitation rises from 39 inches to 42, which is a significant increase. The increase in precipitation is consistent with the earlier data that demonstrated an increase i n temperature. Global warming theory predicts a situation where increase in temperature leads to more water vapor due to evaporation leading to an increase in precipitation. Based on the findings that precipitation has increased in the 30 years, conclusion can be made that global warming is a reality. However, there are other facts that do not support the supposition of global warming.The global warming theory predicts that continental landmasses would receive less rainfall. Decline in temperature gradient between equatorial regions and regions removed from the centre would decline, leading to weak storm system that transports moisture from the oceans to the landmasses for precipitation. In the continental United States, the amount of precipitation should have declined as weak storm systems should have been able to transport moisture from the Gulf of Mexico. Increase in precipitation contradicts global warming theory.Additionally, draught is brought by low precipitation and high eva poration. Precipitation recorded is high. Over the period, the day where there is light precipitation has increased peaking in the 70s. The numbers of recorded days with moderate precipitation also increased. In the 80s, there are more days of moderate precipitation. This period coincided with higher temperatures suggesting that increase in temperature and evaporation was creating drought conditions. This view is also supported by the view that annual day on heavy precipitation declines over the period.The number of days with recorded heavy precipitation show great variability that is not possible to extract a visible pattern to link to the global warming. The number of days where precipitation over 0. 01 inches and above is recorded increases over the period. The increase is probably due to light precipitation days that follow the same trend. This information alone cannot absolutely indicate the presence of global warming. However, the data in itself shows that there is more moistu re in the atmosphere or evaporation and resulting condensation due to temperature increase.Evapotranspiration The rate of evapotranspiration as the data shows increase over the period and peaks in the 70s. According to global warming theory, evapotranspiration would increase in tandem with an increase in precipitation and temperature. The increase in a period of a general increase in temperature and precipitation is consistent with what would be expected as predicted by the global warming theory. Moisture deficit Moisture deficit declined suggesting that drought induced deficit should have been the case.Annual surplus moisture is recorded, and this supports the theory of global warming. Runoff There is an increase in runoff due to increased precipitation. The 5-year running means that the data seemed to run in the 2-3 year cycles of maximums and minimums, but the peaks of the cycles grew to extreme high levels. As far as we understand about the consequences of global warming, this d ata does not seem to agree them. Views Based on the data presented about the Wabash watershed, there is a strong suggestion that global warming is real.All the variables largely behave in a way people would expect in a warm environment. For example, theorists predicted that temperature would rise, and there would be a drop in the range of temperature. According to the date, temperature has increased during the period, and the difference between minimum and maximum temperature has declined. The results of the data fulfill the predictions. Despite evidence for global warming, some of the date collected from the watershed opposes what should happen in theory.For example, more droughts should have happened during the period that does not turn out to be precisely the case. However, the wild variability of key variables is a pointer to a potential problem. In a tropical region, the wide variability could have resulted to observable drought like conditions. Conclusion Global warming is a p roblem with serious consequences. The carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere is expected to drive the present global temperature further north. The changes in the arctic region and the ocean have implication for the weather patterns worldwide.According to the data presented for the Wabash watershed, both minimum and maximum temperatures increased during the 30-year period and the difference between them decreased. Global warming theory precisely suggests the same thing. Increase in average temperature suggests that moisture levels at land and sea would increase. As an indication, precipitation levels would increase, and more severe storms in the sea would be experienced due to high moisture levels. In the last few years, violent storms have been witnessed at sea indicating that moisture levels at the oceans are increasing.Global warming theory predicts lower precipitation levels due to the disturbance of delicate pressure balance in the tropics and regions that are not close . The global warming theory predicts that continental landmasses would receive less rainfall. Decline in temperature, gradient between equatorial regions and regions removed from the centre would decline leading to weak storm system that transport moisture from the oceans to the land masses for precipitation. Because precipitation increased at Wabash watershed for the period under review, the results do not quite agree with the theory.However, in all other respect, the behavior of the variables that were under study suggests that global warming is real. In tandem with an increase in precipitation, runoff increased. Annual surplus moisture is recorded, and this supports the theory of global warming. The implication of Wabash watershed is that in general, the earth is growing warmer, but some predictions of global warming are not turning out as expected (Archer, 2012). This could be due to some hidden variables or known variables interacting in a way that is not fully understood.

A Comparison of Democratization Process in China and India

The term â€Å"democracy† first emerged in the societies of ancient Greece where it is meant to be a form of decision-making where the community is allowed to participate, which later on served as the system used for governance (Woolf & Rawcliffe, 2005). Bryce (2009) noted that the term is used to describe the power that is legally bestowed by the people to the government.Likewise, the term â€Å"people† moved farther away from the privileged few and focused more on the entire community. As a result, the consideration for the rights and the voice of the citizens became a central theme in democratic governments.Aside from the political aspects of democracy, the free market structure is also an element that has become inseparable from that of democracy (as cited in Snauwaert, 1993). In the free market system, the government has less control over the affairs of the market and individuals are given the chance to choose among several options (Snauwaert, 1993).In the present day, democracy has become a very popular system of government as the West and other advocates continue to hail it as a suitable form of governing the society. Based on the arguments of Francis Fukuyama, a resolution is reached regarding the best way to organize the political and economic aspects of the society and suggested democracy as the answer.In addition, Fukuyama contends that â€Å"democracy, in the political realm, and markets, in the economic realm, had triumphed over all challengers and were in the process of becoming the universal forms of political and economic organization† (Bova, 2003, p. 243).In history, nations did not immediately employ democracy. Some have taken other paths, such as India and China that experienced the colonial rule and Communist rule, respectively. Both countries have experienced undergoing a process of democratization, which is said to â€Å"[begin] when the principle of citizenship is acknowledged by a regime in certain ways by allowing the opposition to become involved in politics† (Des Forges, Luo, & Wu, 1993, p. 231).In addition, the democratization process proceeds from the distribution of power and responsibilities throughout the community (Des Forges, Luo, & Wu, 1993).From the previous systems of government, India proved that it can undergo the process of democratization and sustain it until 50 years after. On the other hand, China remains a communist state amidst its futile attempts to apply several democratic principles from the West (Central Intelligence Agency [CIA], 2010; He & Feng, 2008).The two countries, China and India, are both Asian countries that are striving hard to apply and implement the concepts of democracy as it is observed from the Western ideals.The interesting experiences of the two nations with regard to the process of democratization serve as the focus of the present paper, which would also highlight the differences and similarities between the experiences of the two nations. In s o doing, emphasis is placed on theDemocratization Process in IndiaNational ProfileIndia is a member of the Southern Asian region and has a total area of 3,165,596 sq km (Oldenburg, 2008). The 7 union territories and 28 states are ruled by a President, who is the head of state, and a Prime Minster, who serves as the head of government (Oldenburg, 2008).The present form of government is Federal Republic and is governed by the Constitution that was amended last 2002 (Oldenburg, 2008). India also has an existing legislature, which is composed of the Lok Sabha (House of the People) and the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) (Oldenburg, 2008). The Judicial branch of the Indian government is headed by the Supreme Court (Oldenburg, 2008).For a lengthy period of time until 1947, India was subjected to British colonial rule (Mishar, 2000). The country gained independence through the Indian Independence Act, which received the Royal Assent on 1947 (Mishra, 2000).The Indian Independence Act served as an important factor in the process of democratization in the country because it gave way for a Provisional government that would later on take the form of a democracy. At the day when the said Act took into effect, Jawaharlal Nehru said that it is a time when â€Å"India discovers herself again,† (as cited in Hukam, 2005, pp. 309-10).In relation to this, it is important to identify the events surrounding before and after the promulgation of the Indian Independence Act in 1947 and the progress towards democracy that was made up to the present time. More specifically, emphasis is placed on the economic and political changes in the country and the actors and elements that allowed for successful democratization.